[1] STATISTICAL YEARBOOK OF BHUTAN 1990, Central Statistical Organization, Planning Commission, Thimphu, Bhutan.

[2] Bhutan Ministry of Home Affairs, THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM: THREAT TO A NATION’S SURVIVAL., Thimphu, Bhutan, May, 1993, at 41, 37 (Hereafter “THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM”).

[3] Id. at 41.

[4] Manash Ghosh, Bhutan’s Survival at Stake, THE SUNDAY STATESMAN, Delhi, January 26, 1992 at 10.

[5] See e.g., INHURED INTERNATIONAL, BHUTANESE REFUGEES: DESTITUTES WITHOUT DESTINATION, Kathmandu, February, 1993 at 1 (Hereinafter “DESTITUTES WITHOUT DESTINATION”).

[6] Michael Hutt, Refugees from Shangri-la, INDEX ON CENSORSHIP, April, 1993 at 11.

[7] DESTITUTES WITHOUT DESTINATION, supra note 5 at 1.

[8] PARMANAND, THE POLITICS OF BHUTAN: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT, Delhi, 1992 1t 116.

[9] DESTITUTES WITHOUT DESTINATION, supra note 5 at 1.

[10] Jigme Y. Thinley (Secretary, Bhutan Ministry of Home Affairs), Bhutan. A Kingdom Besieged, paper presented at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, March 22-23, 1993 at 5.

[11] See e.g., Michael Hutt, supra note 6 at 11.

[12] Jigmi Y. Thinley, supra note 10 at 10-12.

[13] THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM, supra note 2 at 4

[14] Id. at 4.

[15] Id. at 4, 37.

[16] For example, between 1978 and 1989, 997 landless households in southern Bhutan received kidu land grants from the King. PARMANAND, supra note 8 at 124.

[17] NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SECRETARIAT, RESOLUTIONS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF BHUTAN: 1978 TO 1984 (51ST TO 60TH SESSIONS), Taschichho-Dzong . Thimphu, Vol. 2 at 12-34. (Hereafter “NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: 1979 TO 1984”).

[18] NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SECRETARIAT, PROCEEDING AND RESOLUTIONS OF THE 66TH SESSION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF BHUTAN, Taschichho-Dzong, Thimphu, February 23-36 1988 at 16.

[19] Leo Rose quoted in Michael Hutt, supra note 6 at 11.

[20] Proceedings and Resolutions of the 71st Session of the national Assembly of Bhutan, KUENSEL, November 14, 1992 at 6 (quoting the Foreign Minister) (Hereinafter “71st National Assembly 1992”).

[21] SUMAN RAJ TIMISINA, NEPALI COMMUNITY IN INDIA, Manak Publications Pvt Ltd, Delhi, India, 1992 at 18.

[22] Michael Hutt, The Nepali Diaspora, December, 1992.

[23] Manash Ghosh, supra note 4 at 10.

[24] See Kanak Mani Dixit, Looking for Greater Nepal., March/April, 1993 at 15-19.

[25] NARI RUSTOMJI, BHUTAN: THE DRAGON KINGDOM IN CRISIS, Oxford Press, New Delhi, 1978 at 7-8.

[26] THE SOUTHERN BHUTAN PROBLEM, supra note 2 at 34.

[27] Michael Hutt, supra note 6.

[28] LEO ROSE, POLITICS OF BHUTAN, 1977, quoted in HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATION OF BHUTAN, “ANNUAL REPORT 1992” at 4 (Hereinafter “HUROB ANNUAL REPORT 1992).

[29] THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM, supra note 2 at 39.

[30] CONSTITUTION OF THE KINGDOM OF NEPAL 1990, Part 2, Article 9.

[31] The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Articles 13-15, adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly Resolution 217 A (111), December 10, 1948.  

[32] BHUTAN DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION, ANTI-NATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN SOUTHERN BHUTAN, Thimphu, Bhutan, 12 August 1992 at 35 (Hereinafter "ANTI-NATIONAL ACTIVITIES").

[33] Id. at 34.

[34] Government of Nepal, Operations Management and Implementation Unit (for Bhutanese Asylum Seekers), Different population characters [sic] amongst registered Bhutanese Asylum Seekers at different refugee camps in Nepal as on 31st March, 1993, Bhadrapur, Nepal.  

[35] GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN, THE FACTS BEHIND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTHERN BHUTAN, February, 1990 at 10 (Hereinafter "FACTS ON SOUTHERN BHUTAN").  

[36] THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM, supra note 2 at 9.

[37] AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, Bhutan: Human Rights Violations Against the Nepali-speaking Population in the South, London, December 1992, Al Index ASA 14/04/ 92 at 5.  

[38] Id. at 5-6.

[39] Id. at 5.

[40] Id. at 5.

[41] ANTI-NATIONAL ACTIVITIES, supra note 32 at 35.  

[42] NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SECRETARIAT,  PROCEEDINGS AND RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED DURING THE 67TH SESSION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF BHUTAN HELD FROM 21ST TO 29TH NOVEMBER, 1988, Tashichho-Dzong, Thimphu at 2 (Hereinafter "67TH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1988"). 

[43] ANTI-NATIONAL ACTIVITIES, supra note 33 at 35.

[44] Id. At 36.

[45] Government of Nepal, supra note 34.

[46] THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM, supra note 2 at 42, drawing from DESTITUTES WITHOUT DESTINATION, supra note 5 at 39.

[47] For a fuller discussion, see Jigmi Y. Thinley, supra note 10 at 14-23.

[48]  NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SECRETARIAT, PROCEEDINGS AND RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED DURING THE 68TH SESSION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF BHUTAN HELD FROM 23RD TO 31ST OCTOBER 1989, Tashichho-Dzong, Thimphu at 5 (Hereinafter "68TH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1989").  

[49] Jigmi Y. Thinley, supra note 10 at 20.

[50] AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL , supra note 3 at 7.

[51] NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: 1979 TO 1984, supra note 17 at 18.

[52] FACTS ON SOUTHERN BHUTAN, supra note 35.

[53] PARMANAND, supra note 8 at 130.

[54] Jigmi Y. Thinley, supra note 10 at 21.

[55] Michael Hutt, supra note 6 at 12.

[56] 71st National Assembly 1992, supra note 25 at 2.

[57] Id. at 2-3.

[58] 68TH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1989, supra note 48 at 2.

[59] Sonny Inbaraj, Flight not forced from the hermit kingdom, THE NATION, Bangkok, Thailand, May 2, 1993 at A8.

[60] Michael Hutt, supra note 6 at 12.

[61] For example, some debates covered: 51st Session (1979), Dzongkha as working language of Assembly but translation necessary; 53rd Session (1980), necessity of translating government circulars into Nepali; 54th Session (198 1), Nepali language in southern schools; 57th Session (1982), adult education in Dzongkha, government correspondence and accounts in Dzongkha to extent possible; and 71stNationalAssembly (1992), translation in the National Assembly.  NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: 1979 TO 1984, supra note 17 and 71st National Assembly 1992, supra note 20 at 3.

[62] Jigmi Y. Thinley, supra note 10 at 21-22.

[63] 67TH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1988, supra note 42 at 2.

[64] 68TH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1989, supra note 87 at 10.

[65] INHURED INTERNATIONAL, BHUTAN: AN IRON PATH TO DEMOCRACY, Kathmandu, January, 1992 at 9.

[66] 67TH NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1988, supra note 42  at 2.

[67] PARMANAND, supra note 8 at 13 1.

[68] Id. at 13 1.

[69] Bhutanese Embassy Press Release, New Delhi, 7 June 1991 at 5.

[70]Michael Hutt, supra note 6 at 12.

[71] Tek Nath Rizal and B.P.Bhandari, Petition to the King of Bhutan, April 9, 1988 reprinted from THE SAARC JURIST MISSION, THE BHUTAN TRAGEDY: WHEN WILL IT END?, Kathmandu, May, 1992 at 19-22.

[72] See genereally HUROB ANNUAL REPORT 1992, supra note 28 at 5-6.

[73] See Id. at 5-6.

[74] FACTS ON SOUTHERN BHUTAN, supra note 3 at 1.

[75] AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, supra note 37 at 5.  Note that this action took place prior to the democracy movement in Nepal and the subsequent shift of governments.

[76] Id. at 8.

[77] Id. at 8-9, 12-13.

[78] See Id. at 9; and Nicholas Nugent, Reporting Bhutan, paper presented at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, March 22-23, 1993 at 4-5.

[79] IRON PATH TO DEMOCRACY, supra note 55 at 15-16.

[80] AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, supra note 37 at 10-12.

[81] Id. at 14.

[82] Cindy Dubble, UNHCR Consultant in Social Services, Survey of Victims of Violence in the Bhutanese Refugee Camps in Eastern Nepal, July 1993 at 1-2. (The conclusions and assessments contained in this report are those of the author and not necessarily shared by UNHCR).  

[83] AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, supra note 37 at 17-23

[84] Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture, U.N. Doc.  No. E/CN.4/1993/26 at 15-16. 

[85] Report of the U.N. Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, U.N. Doc.  No. E/CN.4/1993/46.

[86] ANTI-NATIONAL ACTIVITIES, supra note 32 at 21.

[87] Cindy Dubble, supra note 82 at 2.

[88] Id. at 8.

[89] Id. at 4.

[90] See , e.g., ld.; AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, supra note 76; ASSOCIATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVISTS, BHUTAN: A SHANGRILA  WITHOUT HUMAN RIGHTS, Nepal, June 1993; THE SAARC JURIST MISSION, supra note 71.

[91] Cindy Dubble, supra note 82 at Appendix 3.

[92] GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN, AGENDA FOR THE 7lst SESSION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF BHUTAN: 16 OCTOBER - 3 NOVEMBER, 1992 at 10-13 (Hereinafter "71ST NATIONAL ASSEMBLY AGENDA 1992").

[93] 71st I National Assembly 1992, supra note 20 at 8.

 [94] Dago Tshering, (Home Minister of Bhutan), Government Circular, 17 August, 1990.

[95] UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES,  Situation Report on Bhutanese Refugees in Nepal:  21 May-20 June 1993, Jhapa, Nepal at 2-3.

[96] THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM, supra note 2 at 23-24, 27.

[97] Sonny Inbaraj, supra note 60 at A8.

[98] AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, supra note 37 at 14.

[99] THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM, supra note 2 at 6.

[100] Id. at 24.

 [101] Id

[102] GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION: EIGHTH QUARTERLY GUIDELINES AND INSTRUCTIONS, Thimphu, March 1992 at 29-30.

[103] SUNDAY: WEEKLY MAGAZINE, New Delhi, March 6, 1993.  

[104] Sonny Inbaraj, Interview with Tahir Ali, UNHCR Nepal Representative, THE NATION, Bangkok, 22 December 1992.

[105] Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, Article 1, adopted 28 July 1951 and entered into force 22 April 1954.

[106] UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, supra note 94 at 3.

[107] AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, supra note 37 at 10.

[108] See generally, ANTI-NATIONAL ACTIVITIES, supra note 32.

[109] KUENSEL, cited in HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATION  OF BHUTAN, THE BHUTAN REVIEW,  Vol. 1, No. 2, February 1993 at 1.

[110] AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, supra note37 at 9.

[111] Id.

[112] THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM, supra note 2 at 14.

[113] HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATION OF  OF BHUTAN, Shame On Us, THE BHUTAN REVIEW, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 1993 at 1.

[114] AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, supra note37.

[115] Interview by author with UNHCR officials, Kathmandu, 8 June 1993.

[116] Cindy Dubble, supra note 82 at 20.

[117] THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM, supra note 2 at 14.

[118] HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATION OF BHUTAN, THE BHUTAN REVIEW, Vol. 1, No. 5, May 1993 at 1.

[119] KUENSEL., Vol.  VI, No. 10, March 16,1991.

[120] 71ST NATIONAL.  ASSEMBLY AGENDA 1992, supra note 90.

[121] 71st National Assembly 1992, supra note 2.

[122] UNHCR's latest Situation Report noted that when transferring refugees 1,253 were found missing. UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, supra note 95 at 2.

[123] Conclusions concerning relations with local populations are based upon personal observation and conversations with researchers from New Era who are conducting a study of the impact of the refugees on local communities for Lutheran World Service.

 [124] T'he BPP now gives October 15, 1993 as the final date for the launching of the satyagraha in Bhutan.

[125] Nepal, Bhutan joint committee to be formed, KATHMANDU POST, VOL. 1, No. 151 July 19, 1993 at 1.

[126] Id.

[127] Interview by author, July 20, 1993.

[128] THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM,  supra note 2 at 33.

[129] KUENSEL, April 17, 1993.

[130] THE SOUTHERN PROBLEM,  supra note 2 at 33.

[131] Treaty Between India and Bhutan, 1949, reproduced in PARMANAND, supra note 8 at 222.